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with April Holladay

WonderQuest with April Holladay
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Interacting with nature by K:

How to Offer Wild Birds Shelter in the Winter

Not all birds migrate south for the winter.  Winter is a hard season for birds, and many risk freezing to death at night. It doesn't take much effort or money to provide shelter for them, and it can make a huge difference to the little feathered guys!

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Falling clouds

Cirrus clouds with 'fall threads'.  Photo courtesy of Piccolo Namek, WikipediaQ:   I grew up in Pennsylvania when it snowed a lot.  I've always wondered how there could be clouds when it was below freezing. Should they not just freeze and fall out of the sky? I would hate to go to my grave with this great wonder hanging over me. Someone, World

Cirrus clouds with 'fall streaks'. Photo courtesy of Piccolo Namek, Wikipedia

A:  Actually, the temperature of many clouds is below freezing, even when it's not freezing on the ground.  So, clouds are likely composed of liquid water droplets that are extremely cold, below freezing.  Even though the droplets do indeed fall, they fall at a slow speed that updrafts easily overcome.  Thus, they don't fall out of the sky, because updrafts lift them for the short lifetime (about a half hour) of a cloud. 

Moreover, "if a cloud droplet freezes, its weight remains exactly the same," says physicist and meteorologist Craig Bohren, distinguished professor emeritus at Pennsylvania State University. 

Some clouds, like cirrus clouds, are made mostly of ice particles, and these particles usually are small enough for updrafts to keep them from falling. The ice crystals range from about a hundredth of a millimeter (white-blood cell size) to a millimeter (poppy-seed size). 

Ice crystals "can grow, though, and become large enough to fall at a velocity greater than typical updraft velocities," says Bohren.  Then, they fall out of the cloud.  Winds aloft may blow the falling ice, forming 'fall streaks' trailing from a cirrus cloud.  See figure.

Further Reading:

Cirrus clouds, University of Illinois, the weather world 2010 project

Jet trails and cirrus clouds by Dennis Klocek, DocWeather.com

(Answered Oct. 16, 2006; updated Nov. 2, 2007)

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